NIT NIT'S BLOG

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2010-02-24T03:49:00.000-08:00

EKONOMI MONETER 1

1. Alur kebijakan moneter secara langsung

2. Bagan MEkanisme M. v = P.T adalah sbb:

3. time lag kebijakan moneter
Dimana :
t0 : Periode awal adanya kebijakan moneter
t1 : Kurun waktu pertama sejak adanya kebijakan moneter
t2 : Kurun waktu kedua sejak adanya kebijakan moneter
t3 : Kurun waktu ketiga sejak adanya kebijakan moneter
Periode t0 s.d. t1 merupakan Recognition lag, yakni waktu yang diperlukan oleh
Bank Indonesia untuk mengumpulkan data ekonomi dan menganalisis
perubahan aktivitas ekonomi yang diinginkan dengan melaksanakan kebijakan
moneter tersebut. Misalnya pada periode t0 telah terjadi perubahan aktivitas
ekonomi, misalnya kenaikan jumlah pengangguran. Dengan fenomena itu,
sebelum mengambil dan menentukan kebijakan moneter untuk mengatasi
pengangguran tersebut, Bank Indonesia memerlukan waktu terlebih dahulu
untuk mengumpulkan data yang berkaitan dengan masalah pengangguran
tersebut.
Administrative lag (t1 – t2 ) merupakan periode antara diketahuinya (oleh BI)
berbagai informasi yang akan diperkirakan untuk merubah kebijakan moneter,
dengan waktu dimana BI benar-benar merubah satu atau beberapa instrumen
kebijakan moneter (t2 ).
Keseluruhan antara Recognition lag dan Adminitrative lag ini disebut dengan
Inside lag, yakni kurun waktu antara perubahan/kejadia ekonomi yang
memerlukan perubahan kebijakan moneter dengan perubahan satu atau
beberapa instrumen kebijakan monete.
Selanjutnya, kurun waktu antara telah berubahnya satu atau beberapa instrumen
kebijakan moneter untuk mengatasi suatu masalah ekonomi sampai dengan efek
atau dampak nyata kebijakan moneter tersebut pada kegiatan ekonomi, disebut
dengan Outside/Impact lag. Dengan kata lain, Outside lag mengukur seberapa
lama waktu yang dibutuhkan dari perubahan instrumen kebijakan moneter, dapat
memberi efek pada penyelesaian masalah ekonomi yang
dipecahkan/diselesaikan.

4. Aliran moneter dan Aliran fiskal akan menghasilkan dampak yang sama dari sisi income, yaitu kenaikan income, tetapi dari sisi tingkat bunga hasilnya berbeda. Dapat digambarkan sbb:

aliran fiskal melalui kenaikan pengeluaran agregat akan menghasilkan income dan bunga naik pada titik E₁. Sedangkan aliran moneter mengahasilkan income naik tetapi bunga turun, yaitu pada titik E₂. Jadi perbedaannya adalah dari sisi bunga, aliran fiskal menaikan bunga dan aliran moneter menurunkan bunga.

5. kebijakan moneter yang ada dapat dilaksanakan secara simultan, dapat dilihat dari keseimbangan pada pasar barang dan pasar uang dengan perpotongan antara kurva IS dengan kurva LM. Hanya pada titik pertemuan tersebutlah, yaitu E₀, terjadinya keseimbangan secara bersamaan antara pasar barang dan pasar uang. Pertemuan antara kurva IS dan LM menghasilkan kombinasi bunga dan output dimana pasar uang dan barang seimbang secara simultan.

Normalization-Exercise

2009-05-02T21:17:00.000-07:00

Normalization: An Exercise

ER picture:

At ERD above there are repair, that is:
Table BAGIAN and table PROYEK owning relationship PUNYA with relation 1-N where one BAGIAN can have many PROYEK. Deleted relation between relationship PUNYA and entity PROYEK
So became:

In that ER-Diagram there are 5 table:

Table PEGAWAI
Table BAGIAN
Table KARJA
Table PROYEK
Table TANGGUNGAN

NORMALIZATION:
A relationship said have fulfilled 1NF if every data have the character of atomic ( each line and column only having one data value)

A relationship said have fulfilled 2NF if relationship have fulfilled 1NF, and attribute (non key) have depended full to key.

A relationship said have fulfilled 3NF if relationship have fulfilled 2NF, and attribute (non key) not depended transitive to key.

Database Normalization

2009-04-24T06:24:00.000-07:00

Database Normalization

Process Design Database (review)
In Process Design Database there are:
Collect requirement of user / business. Develop E-R Model based requirement of user / business. Convert E-R Model to relationship gathering ( tables). Relationship normalization to eliminated or removed anomaly. Implementation to database by made table to each relationship which normalization.

Database Normalization
Normalization is process forming of database structure so most ambiguity can be eliminated, in other mean normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. Normalization phase started from lightest phase ( 1NF) until tightest ( 5NF). Usually only coming up with level 3NF or BCNF because have adequate enough to yield the tables of which with quality goodness.

Why done a normalization?

Optimizing table structures.
Improve speed.
Remove same data.
More efficient in usage of storage media.
Lessen redundancy.
Avoid anomalies ( anomalies insertion, anomalies deletion, update anomalies).
Improved Data integrity.

Functional Dependency
The concept of functional dependency (also known as normalization was introduced by professor Codd in 1970 when he defined the first three normal forms (first, second and third normal forms).
A table said goodness (efficient) or normal if fulfilling 3 criteria, that is:

If there is decomposition of table, so it had to be secured (Lossless-Join Decomposition). It's mean, after the tables elaborated become new tables, the new tables can result first tables with same precisely.
Its preserve dependency functional at the moment data change (Dependency Preservation).
Don't break Boyce-Code Normal Form (BCNF)

If third criterion (BCNF) cannot complete, so at least the tables don't break (3rd Normal Form / 3NF).

Functional Dependency describe a relation of attributes in a relationship. An attribute said by functionally dependant at other if us use the attribute value to determine other attribute value.
Symbol used is --> for representing dependency functional.
--> read functional determine.

Notation: A --> B
A and B are attribute from a table. it's mean functionally A determine B or of B depend on A, if and only if there is 2 data line with A value is same, so B value is same also.

Notation: A --> B or A x--> B
is reverse from previous notation.

Example:

Functional Dependency:

•NRP--> Nama

•Mata_Kuliah, NRP --> Nilai

Non Functional Dependency:

•Mata_Kuliah --> NRP

•NRP --> Nilai

Functional Dependency from tables of Nilai:
# Nrp --> Nama
Because to each Nrp value is same, so Name value is same too.
# {Mata_Kuliah, NRP} --> Nilai
Because attribut value depend on Mata_Kuliah and NRP by together. In other meaning for the Mata_Kuliah and NRP is same, so have same Nilai too, because Mata_Kuliah and NRP is key ( having the character is unique).
# Mata_Kuliah --> NRP
# NRP --> nilai

First Normal Form - 1NF
An table said located in normal form 1 if its do not reside in form of unnormalized table, where happened duplication of field which of a kind and enable there is field null (empty)

Don't permitted existence of:

Much valuable attribute (Multi value attribute).
Composite attribute or combination from both

Become:
Price of Domain attribute must represent atomic price.

For example table Mahasiswa :

That Tables is not complete 1NF condition. Decomposition becomes:
Student Table:

Second Normal Form - 2NF
Normal form 2NF fulfilled in a table if have fulfilled form 1NF, and all attribute beside primary key, and have Functional Dependency at key primary. A table do not fulfill 2NF, if there is attribute (Functional Dependency) only have character partial only ( only depend on some from key primary. If there are attribute which do not have depended to key primary, so the attribute have to be moved or eliminated.
Functional dependency X --> Y is said full if erase an attribute A of X its mean that Y no longer functional dependent. Functional dependency X --> Y is said partial if erases an A's attribute of X matter Y still functional dependent. Relationship schemer on 2NF form if each attribute non primary key A R full dependent functionally on primary key R.

This table accomplishes 1NF, but not exclude 2NF:

That table is Not accomplishing 2NF form, because (NIM, KodeMk) is regarded as the primary key:
{NIM, KodeMk} -> NamaMhs
{NIM, KodeMk} -> Alamat
{NIM, KodeMk} -> Matakuliah
{NIM, KodeMk} -> SKS
{NIM, KodeMk} -> NilaiHuruf
Table need to decomposition become some table measures 2NF

Third Normal Form - 3NF
3NF normal form is fulfilled if have fulfilled 2NF form, and if no attribute non primary key that have dependency to attribute non primary key another (transitive dependency).
This Following collegian table measures up 2NF, but doesn't accomplish 3NF:

Because still there are attribute not primary key (namely Kota and Provinsi) own depended to attribute not other primary key (name is Kodepos} :
Kodepos --> {Town, Provinsi }
So that the table require to decomposition become :
Mahasiswa ( NIM, Namamhs, Jalan, Kodepos)
Kodepos ( Kodepos, Provinsi, Town)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)
Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) is a normal form used in database normalization. It is a slightly stronger version of the third normal form (3NF). A table is in Boyce-Codd normal form if and only if, for every one of its non-trivial functional dependencies X --> Y, X is a superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or a superset thereof. BCNF was developed in 1974 by Raymond F. Boyce and Edgar F. Codd to address certain types of anomaly not dealt with by 3NF as originally defined.
In the example below there is a relationship of seminar, is the Primary Key NPM + Seminar.
Students may take one or two seminars. Each seminar requires 2 each of the students and led by one of the 2 seminar. Each leader can only take one seminar course. NPM in this example and Seminar show a Pembimbing

Relations Seminar is a form of 3NF, but not BCNF, because Seminar Code still depend the function on the Pembimbing, if any Pembimbing can teach a seminar only. Depending on the seminar is not a super key attributes such as required by BCNF.
So
Seminar relations must be parsed into two tables:

Fourth and fifth Normal Form

Relationship in fourth normal form (4NF) if relationship in BCNF and not contains multi value dependency. To remove multi value dependency from one relationship, we are divide relationship become two new relationships. Each relationship contains of two attributes have multi value relationship.

Relationship in fifth normal form (5NF) get business with property is calling join without marks sense information loss (lossless join). The fifth normal Form (5 NF) also know as PJNF (projection join normal form). This case is very rare to appearance and hard to detect practically.

Reference:
Agus Sanjaya ER, S.Kom, M.Kom, slide presentation : Normalization

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

2009-04-17T03:35:00.000-07:00

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

DATABASE

A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system (magnetic disk, optical disk, or other secondary store).
Database can meaning a collection of interconnection data for a enterprise (company, government institution or private sector).
Database example:
In Manufacture of company --> plan production data, produce actual data, ordering of material data, etc
In Hospital --> data of patient, doctor, nurse, etc

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
DBMS is collection of database with software of application being based on database or a computer database relies on software to organize the storage of data. This application programs used to access and protected database. For example: Oracle
First target of DBMS is provide an efficient and easy environment for the use and store information and data.

BIT, BYTE, AND FIELD
Bit is part of containing smallest data value 0 or 1
Byte is a collection of same bit. 1 byte = 8 bit.
Field is a group of same byte, in database used by attribute.

ATTRIBUTE / FIELD
Attribute or field is characteristic from an entity o provide description about entity. An relation can have attribute too.
Attribute example:

* Table UNIVERSITY STUDENT : NIM, NAME, ADDRESS
* Table CAR : NOMOR_PLAT, COLOR, KIND, CC
* Table BOOK : ID, NAME, PUBLISHER, COMPOSER

TYPE OF ATTRIBUTE
Single value Vs. Multi value Attributes - Single value --> only can fill at most one value. For example: ID
- Multi value --> can fill with interest from one value with same type. For example:
Hobbies(swimming, reading, shopping)

Composite Vs Atomic Attributes - Atomic --> can not divide into smaller attribute. For example: ID
- Composite --> cluster from some smaller attribute. For example: Name ( First name, middle name, and last name)

Derived Attribute
- Value of attribute result from other attribute value. For example: age from attribute date of birthday

Null Value Attribute
- Attribute have not value to an record
Mandatory Value Attribute - Attribute must have value

RECORD / TUPLE Record is a data line in an relation. Consist of attributes where there attribute can interaction to completely information a entity / relation.

ENTITY / FILE

File is a group of same record and have same element, same attribute but different of each data value. Type File In application process, category of file such as: - File Mains - File Transaction - File Report - File History - File Protected - File Activity

DOMAIN Domain is collection of values enabled to stay in one or more attribute. Each attribute in database relational defined as a domain.

KEY OF ELEMENT DATA Key is the element of record which used to find the record when accessing or can used to identify every entity / record / row too.

TYPE OF KEY
- Super Key is one or more attribute from a table can used to identify entity / record of table as uniquely ( but not all attribute can become super key).

- Candidate Key is a super key with minimum attribute. Candidate key may not contain attribute of other tables so that candidate key is super key but not yet of course on the contrary.

- Primary Key
One of the attribute from candidate key can be selected / to be determined to become primary key with three criteria:
1. The Key more natural to be used as reference
2. The Key more simple
3. The Key well guarantee

- Alternate Key is attribute of candidate key which not chosen become primary key.

- Foreign Key is any attribute subjecting to primary key at other tables. Foreign key will happened at one particular at a relation is owning many to one cardinality ( one to many) or many to many. Foreign key usually put at table to many table.

- External Key is an attribute lexical ( or gathering of lexical attribute) which its values always identify one object of instance.

ERD (ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM)
ERD is a network model using word to keep in system abstract or an abstract and conceptual representation of data. ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information.
Difference between DFD and of ERD DFD represent a function network model to be executed by system, while
ERD represent data network model emphasizing at structure and relationship data.

ELEMENT OF ERD
Entity
An entity is an object or concept about which you want to store information. In ER Diagram, Entity draw with form a rectangle. Entity something in real system and also abstraction where on data storage or where there are data.

Relationship
Relationship illustrate how two entities share information in the database structure. Relationship is a natural relation between entity. In general called with elementary verb so can easy to read relationship.

Relationship Degree Relationship Degree is the amount of entity participating in one relationship. Degree usually use in ERD.

Attribute
Attribute is characteristic of each entity and relationship

Cardinality
Can showing optimum of record to relationship with entity at other entity.

RELATIONSHIP DEGREE
- Unary Relationship is a relationship model between entity coming from same entity set.
- Binary Relationship is a relationship model between 2 entity.
- Ternary Relationship is a relationship between instance from 3 type of entitas unilaterally.

CARDINALITY
There are three cardinality, that is:
1. One-to-One (1: 1)
Both entities can participate in only one relationship instance.
2. One-to-Many, 3. Many-to-One (1: N, N: 1)
One entity can participate in many relationship instances and contrary.
4. Many-to-Many (N: M)
Both entities can participate in many relationship instance.

For Example:
How many Employees can work in a Department?
One employee can work in only one department
How many Employees can be employed by a Department?
One department can employ many employees
How many managers can a department have?
One department can have only one manager
How many departments can an employee manage?
One employee can have manage only one department

NOTATION OF ERD
Symbolic notation in ERD:
1. Rectangle express gathering of entity
2. Radian express attribute
3. Rhombic express relationship gathering
4. Line as link between relationship gathering with gathering of entity Gathering and Entity with its attribute

References:
- slide presentation "Database and ER-Diagram" by Agus Sanjaya ER, S.Kom, M.Kom
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database
- http://iaprima.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/5459/Bahasan9a_ERD.pdf
- http://www.smartdraw.com/tutorials/software/erd/tutorial_01.htm
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model

DFD

2009-04-03T05:15:00.000-07:00

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

A data-flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system. It differs from the flowchart as it shows the data flow instead of the control flow of the program.

DFD usually use to figured a system division into smaller module and can make user to easy that insufficiently understand computer area for understands system who will be worked. A data-flow diagram can be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

Although DFD have excess, that is can depict system structure with devided become lower level (decomposition), can show data flow in system, can depict parallel process in system, can show data deposit, can show external entity, but DFD have limitation too.

Limitation of DFD such as:

DFD not show looping process(loop)
DFD not show decision process
DFD not show calculation process

Context Diagram
Context Diagram is a supreme level from DFD to figured all input to or from system. its consisted of one process and figured scope for a system. its will give picture about overall of system. System limited by boundary ( can be depicted with broken line). In context diagram just one process. There may not store in context diagram .Context Diagram contain public picture(marginally) for system development.

picture of context diagram

Zero Diagram
Zero Diagram is a diagram to describe process of data flow diagram. Zero Diagram is Providing views on the overall system in which, showing the main function or process that is, the flow of data and external entity.in this level may be existence storage data. For process which not detailed again in next level added by symbol ‘*’ or ‘ P’ in the end process number. Input balance and output ( balancing) between diagram 0 with context diagram have to be maintain.

Detail Diagram
Detail Diagram is a Diagram to describe process in zero diagram or high level.
Numbering level on DFD can be seen on table hereunder: In one level shall not there are more than 7 process and maximal 9, if more must be done decomposition.

Process Specification
Each process in DFD must have the process specification. in top level method used to describe process by using descriptive sentence. At more level detailed that is under process (functional primitive) required the specification structure.Process Specification will become guide to programmer in coding. Method used in the process specification : * description process in the story * decision table * decision tree

SYMBOL in DFD:

External entity
Data Flow
Process
Data Store

External Entity
Something in outside system, but its give data into system or give data for system, symbol with a notation box. External entity not include of part system. When information system designed to one part then other part which still related become external entity. Guide of External Entity name:

terminal name is noun
Terminal may not have the same name except the same objects

Data Flow
Data flow is a Place for information stream. Data flow symbol with straight line to connective component of system. Data flow direction is indicated with arrows and lines give the name on the flow of data that flows. Flow data flow between processes, data storage and data flow indicates that the form of data input for the system.
Guide of Data Flow name:

Name of data flow which consist of some word flow attributed with continued line.
There may not be any data flow which its same name and gift of name have to express its contents
Data stream which consist of some element can be expressed with element grup
Avoid usage of word ‘ data’ and ‘ information’ to give the name at data flow
As possible the name of data flow written is complete

Other rule:

Data flow name which turn in at a process may not same by the name of secretary data flow of that process.
Data flow into or out of data storage doesn't need to give a name if:

The flow of data simple and easy to understand

Describes the data flow of all data items

There may not any data flow of terminal to data storage or on the contrary because terminal isn't part of system, terminal relation with data storage have to pass process.

Process
Process is what's done by system. Process can processed data or data flow to become exit data stream. Function of process is transformation one or some input data become one or some output data as according to specification. Each process have one or some input and also result one or some output data. Process usually calling by bubble. Guide of process name:

Name of process consist of noun and verb
Don't use word process as part of the process name
May not have some process that has the same name
Process must to give number. Number sequence as possible follow process sequence or stream, but that way meaningless number sequence absolutely represent sequence process by chronologically.

Data Store
Data store is storage place for data that exists in the system. Data store symbol with couple two parallel line or two line wrongly one side from other side openly. Process can take data from or give data to database.
Guide of Data Store name:

The name should reflect the data storage
When his name more than one word must be marked with the number

DFD Symbol

Data Dictionary
Data dictionary is a reserved space within a database which is used to store information about the database itself. Data dictionary is also called with a system data dictionary is a catalog of facts and data information needs of an information system. In function to help system agent to interpreting application in detail and organization all of data element that utilized by system exactly so user and system analyst have same understanding basic about entry, output, storage and process. In analysis phase, data dictionary used as communication between system analyst with user. in development system phase, data dictionary used to design input, and report database. Data flow in DFD have the character of globally, boldness more detailed can be seen in data dictionary.
Data dictionary load the followings :

Name of data current: must note that readers who need further explanation about a flow of data can find it easily
Alias: alias or other name of the data can be written when there is
Forms of data: used to segment the data dictionary to use when designing the system
Flow data: indicates from which data flows and where the data
Description: to give an explanation of the meaning of the data flow

Balancing in DFD
Data flow into and out of a process must be the same as the flow of data into and out of the details of the process on the level / levels below. Name of the data flow into and out of the process must match the name of the flow of data into and out of the details of the process. Number and the name of an entity outside the process must be equal to the number of names and entities outside of the details of the process.
Things which must be gave attention to DFD owning than one level:

There are must input balance and output between one level and level next
Balance between level 0 and level 1 seen at input / output of data stream to or from terminal in level 0, while balance between level 1 and level 2 seen at input / output of data stream to/from pertinent process
Data flow name, data of storage terminal and every level must be same if its same object

Prohibition in DFD

Data flow may not from external entity directly to wend another external entity without passing a process.
Data flow may not from direct data deposit go to external entity without passing a process
Data flow may not from direct data deposit go to other data deposit without passing a process
Data flow from one direct process go to other process without passing a data deposit better possible avoided.

References:
- Slide Part 4 - DATA FLOW DIAGRAM by ER Ngurah Agus Sanjaya
- HM, Jogiyanto. 2007. Analisis & Desain Sistem Informasi. Yogyakarta: ANDI.
- Al-Bahra Bin Ladjamudin, Analisis dan Desain Sistem Informasi, Graha Ilmu

INITIAL INVESTIGATION AND REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

2009-03-27T03:07:00.000-07:00

INITIAL INVESTIGATION AND REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

System Investigation Concepts

Problem is difference of discrepancy (gap) between system purpose and real condition system, with other definition what is the problem system be fail to reach the system purpose. Analyst system better do investigation to know things of causing a fail system before conducted action to repair a system.

Report of detection problem can be unreal. That Because:

Purpose to ideal so make difficult or can not unreal.
System cannot be developed because not enough resources and or manner.
System measuring not accurate.
Statement of goals is dated.
The gap between the ideal and the current system is temporary and will decrease given patience.

Problem solving:

Formulation of condition system which walk to pass detailed investigation activity.
Getting ideal system consensus
Developing some alternative to lessen difference ( gap) between ideal system with another walk system
Choose the best alternative and selling it to management.

Purpose of investigation is showing the real problem.

Constraint in system investigation

In conduct the investigation there are constraint to happened, such as:

Time, insufficiency of analysis time resource, so that only conduct some activity of investigation. Usually time related to the problem of the required cost.
Cost, oftentimes the outcome cost relate to the time duration for the investigation activity so that management will give limited of cost.
Knowledge, manager of system information usually ordered junior analyst which not yet professional technical or enough knowledge so that will affect to result of less investigation and isn't complete.
Politics, management or another staff may be disseminated issues to blocked investigation activity.
Interference, there are any side to arrange in investigation activity so that can disturb.

Recommendation

Result of investigation is a recommendation, such as:

Never take action because there aren’t find a problem.
Do maintenance system to small problem.
Improving user capability or user skill in running or using information system.
Allowing for modification totally system, so need idea to change it with a new system.
Put a happen problem into system development plan.

Tactics investigation

Tactics investigation required to find all problems, find out the reason and find out best solution. Tactics investigation conducted to all element system can accept of solution without disturb their activity.

Some tactic can be conduct, such as:

Just listen, do not lecture, that mean listening opinion of user system.
Do not presolve the problem, that mean don't try to show idea to solve problem before all activity of investigation have been done.
Compare stories, mean comparing story some people system to same case because everyone have different opinion.
Look for reluctant responses.
Probe for logical inconsistencies.
Observe your effect
Expect hard, so boring work
Avoid politics because your mission is fact, not judgment.

Technique of investigation

Direct is know directly, what is going in user environment.

Questionnaires can be use in time and cost constrain of investigation.
Interview will need a time and skill.
Observation is a powerful internal probe

Indirect is Activity can conducted swiftly and invisible for operational of personnel, so that can know hidden something from user community.

Procedure flow, if procedure flow isn’t true so system information can’t be true operation.
Document review with get and collect critical document.
Sample
Tabular tools or matrix is checklists to find discrepancies in transaction flow

Description of system at moment

Input
Output
File
Data element
transaction and action document volume
Data flow diagram

Requirement analysis

Intensive interaction phase between system analyst with end user where system development team show its membership to get comments and trust user so get a good participation

Four goals in this phase:

Explain system completely
Describe ideal information system
Bring ideal information system to condition in this time by attention resource constraint
Give motivation to user confidence into system development

Method requirement analysis

Interview, Some important factor in good interview, that is objective, audience, format, weighting, combining responses, and documentation.
Questionnaire,
Observation
Procedure Analysis
Document Survey
Sampling

Resource constraint

Time
Money
Skill
Technology
External factor

Document analysis requirement

Instruction analysis: Relation with end user, Analysis record, report and forms, perception of process, Analysis a used method, problem of collecting data.
User requirement: What is real requirement, report requirement, train requirement, new system effect
System constraint: Explain time constraint, cost, skill, technology and external factor, System Realistic
Documentation: Instrument data collecting, Statistical consensus, Stream Data by logical, and physical data dictionary element

Generating systems alternatives

How to approach the condition of system in this time with condition of ideal system?

Create a alternative to solve the problem of system information
Best alternative is applying wisely

Strategy selection

Distributed versus centralized processing

Change of information decision from centralized data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center.

Integrated versus dispersed databases

System designer must to consider any kind of data which in data base and incoming to file.

Surround strategy of system development

Around environmental strategy important in the case confiscation of company because information system from other company possible differ from company in this time.

Tactic Selection

Selection is done before the operational design

Operational design selection

a. Input

On-line versus off-line data entry.
Keyed versus machine-readable data entry.
Centralized versus decentralized data entry.

b. Processing

Batch versus real-time record update.
Sequential versus direct access to records.
Single versus multiple-user update of records.

c. Output

Traditional versus turnaround documents.
Structured versus inquiry-based reports.

Selecting the proper system

Systems based on the comparison of costs and benefits relative. Cost is requirement of payment for the designer information system. Advantage is additional condition or value as result of implementation information system. That is such as: less error rates, increased customer sales, and faster time response.

There are 3 ways A system is told more superior then B system (other system):

Have the cheap cost than B, and both system have same advantage
Have the cheap cost than B, and A also have more advantage than B
A and B have the same cost, but A have advantage which more.

Some compare System methods:

Break-even analysis (BEP)
Payback period
Discounted payback period
Internal rate of return (IRR).

Cost category

Hardware: mainframe, minicomputers, microcomputers, and peripheral equipment.
Software: systems, utility, and application software.
People: analysts, programmers, operators, data entry personnel, etc.
Supplies: paper, tapes, disk, etc.
Telecommunications: modem, local area network cabling, front-end processors, etc.
Physical site: air conditioning, humidity control, security, etc.

Cost detail

Comparing the information system cost pass life of system, analyst projection several cost change for future and 3 cost model information system that is:

Linear
Exponential
Step Function.

When costs occur

a. One-time (development) costs.

Hardware purchase.
Software purchase.
Analysis, design, programming, and testing personnel hours.
Preparation of computer site.
Initial training and orientation of users.
Documentation for new system.
Changeover from old to new system.
Conversion from old to new file format.

b. Recurring (operational) costs.

Hardware and software lease.
Hardware and software maintenance contracts.
Day-to-day personnel cost including analysts and programmers, computer
Operations, data entry operators, and end-user costs.
Computer supplies.
Telecommunication costs.
Computer site rental or lease.
Ongoing training.

System Information Factor

Some factor qualitative to goodness information system performance:

Reduce errors (increased accuracy)
reduce time to solve error
reduce perceptive time from alternative workstation
increase time to supply information
raise security system
increase update from active record
raise user satisfied

Company Strategy Factor

Customer satisfaction
Increased sales
Customer and vendor commitments
Information product marketing

STUDI SISTEM

Problem statement

Nature of the problem detected (for example, increasing data entry backlogs).
How problem was detected (for example, customer complaints or performance measurement system).
Impact of problem on organizational goals (for example, delays processing of customer orders or reduces cash flow).
Departments and functions involved (for example, marketing department and order processing section of production department).

Existing system documentation

System function and interrelationships (this can be done with a graphic tools, such as a physical data flow diagram, accompanied by step-by-step narrative description).
Processing volumes by type of document.
Processing times by type of document.
Bottlenecks (distribution of backlogs).
Organization policies affecting processing (example, a policy requiring that clerks process all commercial orders before residential orders).
Processing constraints.

People (for example, an average 20 percent vacancy rate among data

entry operators).
Hardware.
Software.
Development funds.

Organization of involved departments and function (for example, an organizational chart).

Problem correction alternatives

Procedure for generating information systems alternatives.
Cost determination for different alternatives.
Feasibility analysis.

· Break-even years.

· Payback years or discounted payback years.

· Internal rate of return.

Qualitative factors.
Alternative recommended and why.
Alternative comparison with firm's goals (for example, ROI).

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

2009-03-06T23:05:00.000-08:00

THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

System Development is compilation of new system to replace or repair which have system (old system). Things causing the importance of developing an information system, that is:

1. Existence of Problems to generated by other old system, that is:

· Old system is not all right and that result the system can’t work better

· Development of organization cause must that organization development a new system. For example requirement of broader information.

2. To Reach opportunities

In market emulation, speed of information or time efficiency has very determining successful

3. Existence of directives

Compilation of new system can happen because the directives from the boss or from outside organization. For example: regulation of government.

THE PURPOSE OR GOAL OF DEVELOPING AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. Solving problems

2. Reach for opportunity

3. Following instruction

THE ORGANIZATION’S EXPECTATIONS AFTER IMPLEMENTING AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

The happen of some improvement a new System effect of its growth. The improvement that is:

1. Performance

New System can improve of performance and Measured to use throughput and response time

2. Information

Improvement of information presented quality, this matter can prevent of information which of no use. For example: terrorizing. Because system there isn't mistaking, so user can got more accurate information

3. Economy

Improvement to advantage or benefit and decreasing cost

4. Control

Improvement to operation so can detected insincerity and repair mistake.

5. Efficiency

Improvement of operational Efficient, for example replacement of sales (SPG) usage with making of advertisements for good promotion in media print and electronic

6. Services

Give Improvement of system service. For example in payment of tax or making SIM using system will more is watering down of governmental institution to serve society.

PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPING AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. Developing an Information System to management

When developing system must to be seen that using this system is management, so that system have to fulfill requirement management supporting.

2. Developing an Information System is a big investment

Investigation of all alternative to determine best alternative, most beneficial and also to minimize missing cost opportunity. Best investigation must to be valuable with the meaning beneficial and useful of cost-benefit analysis & cost-effectiveness can be used to determine value a project.

3. Developing an Information System need educated people.

Educated people mean must not formal education, but can be conducted on the job training.

4. Step work and duty performed within system development

Process system development usually need step work and team work. Schedule is very needing to efficacy and accuracy of system development.

5. Process System development do not have to massage

Process with other process can be conducted concurrently according to requirement

6. Don't fear to cancel a project

Decision to continue or canceled a project must to be evaluate with carefully in order to generate loss.

7. Documentation of system

Documentation of System can be used as by communications materials between user and system analyst.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIVE CYCLE MODELS

1. WATERFALL MODEL

This model is first model that is around 1970 year. This model conduct systematically approach and massage start from requirements level go to design, implementation, testing / verification, and maintenance. Referred as waterfall because the phase for the shake of phase passed by must wait to finish of previous him phase and successively walk.

Picture above is a step of waterfall model. this is Following clarification of conducted phases in this model :

· Requirements.

Process of required initial which requirement by user, for example interface user, etc.

· Design.

This process used to change requirements above become representation into "blueprint" software before started coding. Design must to earn implementation requirement

· Implementation.

To can understand by machine, in this case is computer, so mentioned design have to be turned into program pass process of coding.

· Verification.

Made something must be test to be avoid from error, and him result must really as according to requirement.

· Maintenance.

Conservancy is very need by system in order that can precise function and exact of target.

Advantages waterfall model

· Testing is inherent to every phase of the waterfall model

· It is an enforced disciplined approach

· It is documentation driven, that is, documentation is produced at every stage

Disadvantages waterfall model

· It only incorporates iteration indirectly, thus changes may cause considerable confusion as the project progresses.

· As The client usually only has a vague idea of exactly what is required from the software product, this WM has difficulty accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of the project.

· The customer only sees a working version of the product after it has been coded. This may result in disaster if any undetected problems are precipitated to this stage.

2. ITERATIVE MODEL

In iterative model there are initial of planning before planning remain to afterwards can be defined by wanted requirement, the requirements then analysis by analyst system and made by design interface design, afterwards of implementation. Testing must be done to the test of system to be free from error, and result him have to really as according to requirement. Evaluate system is excess from this model, this is conducted to evaluate the system until the system really perfect.

· Initial planning

We can starting planning process or initial requirement system or define idea to start of system development.

· Planning

Planning is a thinking that ripe to system development.

· Requirement,

Process of required initial which requirement by user, for example interface user, etc.

· Analysis and design

In this process system analyst analysis everything the system need. And can Planning of design such as: interfaces, data structure, etc.

· Implementation

In Implementation process can mentioned design have to be turned into program pass process of coding.

· Testing

In this process can testing system and its application. Analysis mistake of system and check all system application.

· Evaluation

In Process evaluation can be repair process, maintenance and renewal towards development system.

· Deployment

Process deployment can distribution system to public so that develop can know deficit of system.

3. SPIRAL MODEL

Spiral model proposed initially by Boehm. Spiral model divided to be 4 areas, that is:

· Determine objectives

In determine objective can do requirement plan process

· Identify and resolve risk

in this process can do identification process, planning and analyze risks may be happen. In identification and planning process, we must defined, requirement, time precision, and information to help a process development. In risk analysis can do analysis to risks may be happen.

· Development and test

In Development process can do engineering process, construction and testing to development system. In testing can do testing process to make of system.

· Plan the next iteration

In his process can do iteration process to plan evaluation in the event of request from customer in order to change to system.

From picture, process started from unidirectional peripatetic core with clock needle encircle spiral. First trajectory of rotation is requirement of concept also determine operation of concept, afterwards continue to requirement plan where this process is done to be elaborated by requirements of planning, before continue to process of verification and validation have to pass analysis risk afterwards then to development plan where in this process The Plan is a contract between the Project Manager, Executive Sponsor, Project Team and other management of the enterprise associated with and/or affected by the project. Each Project Plan component is essentially a work product resulting from subtasks in the Make Plan Project Management task, but can be revised during other project management activities. Return of rotation at process of risk analysis than verification and validation last test plan and back to analysis risk. Phase hereinafter represent prototype operational which its process of design detailed, code, integration, test and implementation last after all process finish hence release system.

APPROACHES OF DEVELOPING A SYSTEM

1. Classical approach versus structured approach

Classical approach is approaches which following step of system life circle without supplied by tool and adequate technique. The Problems which emerge at classical approach, that is:

· Development of software become difficultly

· Expense of system care and maintenance become expensive

· Possibility happened a big mistake

· Successful a system less well guarantee.

· Internal issue of applying system

Structured approach provided with techniques and tools which required in development of system until the result of system can be defined better.

2. Piecemeal approach versus System approach

Piecemeal approach is system development approach which emphasize at a activity or certain application. While System Approach will attention information system as a unity integrated to the each activity.

3. Buttom-up approach versus Top Down approach

Buttom-up approach started from under level of organization (level operational where transaction done). While Top Down approach started from upper level of organization (planning strategy level)

4. Total System approach versus Modular approach

Total System approach is a approach to develop of system at a time by totally. While Modular approach can try prevented of system become to simple some part.

5. Gread loop approach versus Evolutionary approach

Gread loop approach to totally apply change at a time to use sophisticated technology. While Evolutionary approach can apply sophisticated of technology just needed application.

THE MEANING OF METHODOLOGY, METHOD AND ALGORITHM

What is methodology?

Methodology is methods to used in science

What is method?

Method is a stile of systematic to do something

What is algorithm?

Algorithm is medley of procedure to analyst a problem

THE THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY

1. Functional decomposition methodologies

Emphasize resolving of system become easier subsystem so that to easy understand, design and applied. For example: HIPO, Stepwise refinement or iterative stepwise refinement, information hiding

2. Data-oriented methodologies

Processed emphasize of characteristic data. And can be grouped to two groups, that is:

o Data-flow oriented methodologies (this methodology relied on resolving of system into modules pursuant to data type).

For example: SADT (Structured analysis and design techniques), Composite Design, and SSAD (Structured system analysis and design)

o Data-structure oriented methodologies (this methodology is emphasizing input and output structure).

For Example: JSD (Jackson’s systems development) and W/O (Warnier / Orr).

3. Prescriptive methodologies

It’s usually provided by factory maker of software.

For example:

o ISDOS (information system design and Optimization system) is developing software in university of Michigan. ISDOS used to automatic of system information development process.

o PLEXSYS used to do transformation of high level computer language to code executable configuration hardware.

o PRIDE is good software to design/analysis system, data management, and documentation.

o SDM/70 (System development methodology / 70) is a software containing method, estimation, documentation and guide of administration to helped user development to take care of system.

o SPECTRUM is a development methodology of system which developer by SII (Spectrum International. Inc.)

o STES (Software requirement Engineering system) and SREM (Software requirement Engineering methodology).

o And other prescriptive methodologies. For example: Chapin’s approach, DBO, PAD, HOS, MSR, and PDL

TOOLS FOR DEVELOPING A SYSTEM

Tools used in a general methodology in the form of picture, graph or diagram. Tools of system development in form of Graph type, that is:

· HIPO Diagram, used in HIPO methodology and others methodology.

· Data Flow Diagram, used in structure system analysis and design methodology.

· Structured Chart, used in structure system analysis and design methodology.

· SADT diagram, used in SADT methodology

· Warnier/Orr Diagram, used in Warnier/Orr methodology

· Jackson’s diagram, used in Jackson’s system development methodology

Tools of System Development in Form Draft:

1. Activity charting

· System flowchart

· Program Flowchart(program logic flowchart and detailed computer program flowchart)

· Paperwork flowchart or form flowchart

· Database relationship flowchart

· Process flowchart

2. Layout charting

3. Personal relationship charting

· organization chart

· working distribution chart

TECHNIQUES USED IN DEVELOPING A SYSTEM

1. Management project technique can use to project schedule

For Example: CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program evaluation and Review Technique)

2. Technique of find a fact can used to collect and determine data / fact (interview, observation, questionnaires ,and sampling )

3. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis

4. Technique to meeting

5. walkthrough technique

THE DIFFERENCES OF BEING A SYSTEM ANALYST AND A PROGRAMMER

System analyst is a people to analyst system or study problems and determine requirement of user to identify correct resolve. Duty Analyst System to connect difference of knowledge between user and programmer. Which Programmer is a people to write code program appropriate of design analyst system.

Responsibility and duty of programmer and system analyst

Programmer	system analyst
Responsibility of programmer just on making a computer program.	Responsibility of system analyst just not on making a computer program but on all system.
Knowledge of programmer on technology computer, system computer, and language program.	Knowledge of system analyst must vast on this handle area.
Duty of programmer have technique characteristic and must exact for do program instructions.	Duty of system analyst is make a program but just limited in trouble-shooting marginally
Duty of programmer is not concerning many people but just limited with programmer and system analyst	Duty of system analyst is concerning with many people.

THE KNOWLEDGE A SYSTEM ANALYST SHOULD PROCESS

1. Knowledge about data Processing technology, computer technology and computer programming.

o Skill of technical which must have by system analyst is using technique and tools for the software development.

o Knowledge technical which must have by system analyst is knowledge about hardware of computer, operating system, etc.

2. Business Knowledge in general used as communications medium with user. Knowledge about business is financial accounting, accountancy of management, system operation of management, marketing, production, personnel management, monetary, organizational staff, etc.

3. Knowledge of quantitative method. Such as: regression, linier programming, dynamic programming, network, decision tree, trend, etc.

4. Skill of complex resolving problem. System analyst must have skill to breaking problem and than stringing up the problem.

5. Skill of communication between staff.

6. Skill of constructed of relation between personnel.

TEAM SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

1. Manager of system analyst

2. Lead system analyst

3. Senior system analyst

4. System analyst

5. Junior system analyst

6. Senior Application programmer

7. Application programmer

8. Junior Application programmer

Reference:

- http://lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/othie/softwareprocess.pdf

- Jogianto Hartono, Analisis & Desain Sistem Informasi. Edisi ke-3.Jogyakarta: Penerbit Andi, 2007

ORANGE

2009-03-04T08:40:00.001-08:00

eeeemm...........
seger banget,... selain rasanya yang aku suka banget ternyata buah ini mengandung banyak manfaat juga lho...

mencegah kanker
menurunkan risiko penyakit jantung
melancarkan saluran pencernaan
menjaga kesehatan kulit
mencegah konstipasi
menurunkan kolesterol
mencegah anemia
menjaga sisitem imunitas (kekebalan)
mencegah virus penyebab influenza
mencegah amandel, malaria, ambien, sesak nafas, batuk sakit panas, sembelit, terlambat haid, perut mules saat haid, disentri, perut mulas, lelah, bau badan, keriput wajah
menghambat pembentukan kristal oksalat yang merupakan penyebab penyakit batu ginjal
dll

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN INFORMATION SYSTEM(PART I)

2009-02-20T21:51:00.001-08:00

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN INFORMATION SYSTEM

(Part I)

DEFINITION SISTEM

There are two approach definition of system:

· Approach of procedure

System is a working network from procedures which is interaction and work along to finish purpose.

Procedure is a correct medley of instruction steps explaining what have to be done, who have to do, when have to be done and how to do that.

· Approach of element

System is corps of elements which is have interaction to reach specific-purpose

So Systemè reach a purpose (goal)

è reach a target (objective)

CHARACTERISTIC SYSTEM

· Components

A system have components which interact, work along to form an unity. Supra system is a large system.

· Boundary

Limiting system with other system / external environment its.

· Environments

Environment is Any beyond the bounds of from system of yg influence system operation

· Interface

Media link between a subsystem with other subsystem.

· Input

Entered energy into system can in the form of treatment input and signal input.

· Output

Result from processed energy and classified become output which good for and rest of dismissal.

· Process

Process is change an input become output.

· Target/goal

Otherwise have the target then system operation there will be no utilizing of. System told succeed if have reach the target/ goal.

The Picture of characteristic system

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEM

· Abstraction System

For example: religion system

· Physical System

For example: System of Akutansi, System Production

· Natural System

For example: system rotation ,system earth of grafitasi

· Artificial System

For example: computer system

· Certain System

For example: computer system

· Indefinite System

For example: sale system

· Open System

This system accept input and yield output from external environment to have good operation system.

· Closed System

Do not affect or information of energi with external system environment.

WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Information is processing data become more good for and more meaning to user.

The Picture of information siklus

QUALITY OF INFORMATION

· Accurate information

Free from mistakes and not deflect or mislead

· Punctuallyincoming

Information at receiver must be on time

· Relevantly

Information have benefit for its usage

WHAT IS INFORMATION SYSTEM?

Information System is an system in a organization to meet requirement of processing of daily transaction, supporting operation, having the character of manajerial and activity of strategy from a[n organization and provide certain outside party with needed report report.

MY CERPEN PART2_no title

2009-02-19T05:54:00.000-08:00

lanjutan part1

Setelah beberapa saat terdiam lalu ia mulai pembicaraan yang menyakitkan.........................

Dengan seribu kata maaf, namun sampai ia pulang dari tempat koss ku, aku belum dapat mencerna semua yang dia katakan padaku. Tiba-tiba saja air mataku menggenangi pipi ku. Mengingat semua kata-katanya tadi dadaku terasa sakit banget, keesokan harinya aku menceritakan semua itu pada Andri. “ Ndri,Aku sedih banget...!!”kataku sambil menangis. “Kmu knapa Sa??Pasti gara-gara agung lagi ya??”,tanyanya kesal. “ Iya, Agung hianatin aku Ndri, Dia Uda selingkuh ma Vivi, bahkan dia bilang dia bakal berhenti sekolah karena dia uda buat Vivi hamil..........”, aku bercerita sambil menahan air mataku. “Bulan depan mereka akan keluar kota untuk dinikahkan dan parahnya lagi Agung malah memintaku untuk hadir dalam acara itu”, lanjutku tanpa berhenti menangis. Andri saat itu hanya terdiam dan memelukku. Dia membiarkan aku menangis dalam peluknya. Dalam pelukan Andri, aku merasa hangat dan aku tau saat itu aku sangat membutuhkannya untuk ada disisiku. Setelah berjam-jam Andri menemaniku dia lalu meninggalkanku sendiri.

Malam ini benar-benar berat buat aku, aku gak bisa lagi menahan air mata yang dari tadi mengalir. Hatiku sakit banget, Cowok yang slama ini aku anggap sebagai cinta sejatiku malah berserlingkuh dengan adik kelasku sendiri di SMA. Aku gak ngerti apa kurang perhatian yang slama ini aku berikan padanya, setiap saat aku berusaha menemaninya dan menghiburnya tapi inikah balasan untuk cinta yang aku beri padanya??. Smua pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu muncul dalam kepalaku. Pada saat aku membayangkan betapa bahagianya pasangan sejoli yang akan menikah itu (Agung danVivi) aku menerima telepon dari nomor yang tidak aku ketahui. “Haloo”,kataku Singkat menjawab telpon. Lalu dari seberang aku mendengar musik diskotik yang amat keras menyerang telingaku dan ada suara wanita yang aku kenal, suara itu adalah suara Vivi. Dalam hati aku memaki suara itu, dasar ngapaen nie cewek nelpon-nelpon aku mlem-malem, pasti dia sedang happy dan ingin mengejek-ejek keadaanku....kataku dalam hati. Lalu aku mendengar suara itu lagi,” Sa, tolong aku........., sebelumnya aku minta maaf padamu, aku sungguh-sungguh tak ada niat untuk menyakiti hatimu, slama ini kmu sudah kuanggap sebagai kakak buatku.”. “Kakak????inikah balasan yang aku haris terima dari seorang adik yang sudah aku sayangi???”, tanyaku dengan lirih. “Sa, Tolong dengerin aku dulu. Aku Tau pasti Agung sudah menceritakan semuanya padamu. Tapi kamu juga harus mendengarkan critaku juga. Please!!!”, katanya memelas padaku. “Baiklah” jawabku singkat. Lalu dia mulai menceritakan padaku tentang smuanya. “Aku pertama kali mengenalnya pada saat aku meminjam buku padamu, saat itu Agung juga ada di kamar kosmu. Dan kamulah yang mengenalkannya padaku untuk pertama kalinya... Sejak saat itu Agung mulai menghubungiku tiap malam dan dia juga menceritakan semua yang ia alami denganmu, dia bilang bahwa selama pacaran denganmu,dia sama sekali tak bahagia. Biarpun setiap hari bertemu namun kehangatan hubungan kalian tidak ada sama sekali. Dia merasa kamu lebih dekat dengan Andri daripada dengannya. Katanya setiap ke tempat kosmu Andri slalu menemanimu disana.”. “Tunggu, maksud kamu aku yang salah dengan semua kejadian ini???”tanyaku gusar pada Vivi. “ Entahlah aku juga tak mengerti sebenarnya siapa yang pantas untuk disalahkan dalam masalah cinta ini.Kmu tau Agung sangat menyayangi kmu,Sa”, jawabnya pasrah. Mendengar kata-katanya itu aku diam dan kehabisan kata-kata. Lalu dia melanjutkan critanya “ Sa, karena kedekatan kami aku mulai jatuh hati pada Agung. Aku gak tau kapan tepatnya, Agung hanya tersenyum saat aku mengatakan padanya bahwa aku menyukaiya. Dia hanya berkata bahwa dia juga menyukaiku. Namun kami berdua menjalani hubungan kami dengan tertutup.”. “ ya jelas saja tertutup, kmu dan Agung sudah nyakitin aku makanya kalian menyembunyikan hubungan itu.” Celetukku. “tidak. Kami sama sekali tak bermaksud seperti itu. Agung bilang dia menyayangi aku dan kamu ,Sa.”, jawabnya membela diri. “Dengar aku gak punya banyak waktu buat dengerin crita bohongmu itu.” , kataku ketus. “ Please Sa, dengar dulu.”Pintanya. Lalu tanpa mendengar kata-kata protesku dia melanjutkan critanya. “ Malam itu, Agung datang kerumahku. Seperti biasa kami mengobrol dengan asiknya. Tapi tiba-tiba saja Agung memeluk aku dan menangis. Dia bercerita bahwa kamu menemani Andri seharian dan tidak mempedulikannya.”. “Waktu itu aku hanya menjaga Andri yang sedang sakit, just that.”, jawabku.

“Ya,tapi Agung tak tau masalah itu. Dia mengira kamu dan Andri saling suka. Malam itu pertama kali aku melihat orang yang aku sayang menangisi wanita lain di depan mataku sendiri. Kamu tau aku tersiksa banget ngeliat dia menangisi ceweknya yang sama sekali gak merhatiin dia.”, katanya dengan sedu. Aku merasakan bahwa dia sedang menangis. “Sa, malam itu aku benar-benar pengen menghibur dia. Aku mencium keningnya dan mengatakan bahwa masih ada aku yang menyayangi dia. Tapi tanpa disadari, dia malah mencium bibirku dengan hangatnya. Lalu dia memelukku dengan kencang. Tanpa aku sadari tenyata aku dan dia sudah ada di atas ranjangku tanpa sehelai baju pun.” Lanjutnya. Mendengar hal itu aku menangis, air mataku sama sekali tak dapat ku bendung lagi. Orang yang aku sayang slama ini tega berbuat sekejam itu. Setelah mendengar crita Vivi hati ini terasa teriris-iris. Agung yang slama ini sangat menghormati aku, Dia sama sekali tak pernah mencium bibirku atau memaksaku melakukan hal-hal yang sama sekali tak kusukai.tapi malam ini aku mengetahui bahwa Dia malah melakukan hal itu pada cewek lain.Menyakitkan.

Dengan hati hancur aku termenung dalam gelap. Air mata yang tadi mengalir akhirnya berhenti juga. Aku slalu mengira bahwa cinta yang aku berikan pada Agung adalah cinta yang sempurna tanpa sentuhan seks yang tidak sehat, namun apa yang terjadi dibalik semua ini ternyata ada cerita yang lebih indah antara agung dan Vivi.

Setelah puas mengutuki mereka berdua lalu aku berfikir sejenak, “mungkinkah aku yang salah?????” Kataku dalam hati. Dari dulu hingga saat ini hubunganku dan agung kelihatan baik-baik saja namun ternyata hal itu hanya topeng semata. Aku menyesali semua yang terjadi. Mengapa harus seperti ini???. Mengapa tak berakhir bahagia antara aku dan agung. Dua tahun kami lewati dengan kebersamaan tapi malah diakhiri dengan sakit seperti ini. Banyak hal yang aku pikirkan saat ini. Hingga aku memutuskan untuk berbaring sejenak dan memejamkan mata merahku. Hari ini badan, pikiran, dan hatiku terasa sangat lelah. Tuhan beri aku kekuatan untuk menjalani smua ini........

masi ada lanjutannya sie...
tunggu ya di part3

I LOVE YELLOW

2009-02-18T08:14:00.000-08:00

Temen-temen deket q pasti tau kalo anita suka banget sama yang namanya kuneeeeng....
Menurut aku kuning toe cerah n ceria.pokoknya asal kuning ya bagus... hehe

Ada yang bilang
Warna kuning menandakan bahwa kamu adalah orang yang optimis, periang dan senang bergaul, tidak memiliki penampilan yang loyo. Sifat tolong-menolong selalu ada dalam diri kamu, karena menolong merupakan suatu kewajiban mutlak bagi kamu. Kamu orang yang tidak pernah meremehkan siapa pun juga.

Kuning merupakan warna cerah, melambangkan perdamaian dan keceriaan

Kuning dapat diartikan sebagai warna kedukaan, dapat juga diartikan sebagai warna dari matahari yang memberi energi positif, warna yang tajam, fokus yang membuat orang tidak mengantuk merupakan simbol kemakmuran, kemewahan, keanggunan.Oleh karena itu warna ini cocok bila dipakai untuk ruang kerja dan ruang belajar.

wah kalo kayank gini...kuning tu emang bener2 spesial color...hehe

yang suka kuning mau berbagi tentang keceriaan kuning ga?...

MY CERPEN PART1_no title

2009-02-18T07:55:00.000-08:00

SEBELUMNYA AKU MINTA MAAF YA...

Emang tulisanku ini jauh dari sempurna tp ak mohon kritik n sarannya agar karya-karya ku yang lain lebih baik lagi.thx n slamat membaca........

Hari ini, hari pertamaku sekolah di kelas XII setelah satu bulan liburan. Ketemu temen-temen dan nongkrong di kantin adalah hal yang slalu bisa buat aku betah tinggal diskul. Yah…….. selain cowok cakep yang ada dikelasku, namanya Agung. Sebenarnya aku dan Agung udah 2 tahun pacaran. Kami pacaran dari kelas 1 SMU. Dari awal MOSS aku sudah tertarik padanya. Dia cakep and baik banget. Oya aku ampe lupa namaku Sasa. Aku punya sohib karib yang aneh-aneh bin ajaib deh, hehehehe.... salah satunya bernama Andri.

Baru saja aku sampai di kelas, Andri sudah menyeretku keluar. Seperti tahun-tahun kemaren di sekolah andri terkenal sangat doyan makan, tapi badannya yang kurus ceking itu tak pernah memperlihatkan efek samping dari hobinya yang doyan makan itu.

“Sa cepet dong aku dah laper nie”, rengekan pertama yang Ku dengar Hari ini darinya. “Iya......Iya...... tunggu bentar dong aku taro tas dulu dasar rese banget pagi-pagi dah ganggu orang” , sewotku. Tapi dia malah tambah kenceng narik aku buat kekantin. Sampai di depan kantin dengan gayanya yang sok cool dia membukakan minuman non soda buatku. “Thanks”, kataku singkat. “Yoi....,Oya gimana liburanmu Sa??Asik Kan??”,tanya Andri. “Gak juga, malah ngebosenin banget coZ gak da yang nraktir aku lagi.he”,jawabku. “Dasar.........,Eh BTW brarti kmu kangen dong ma aku”,Kata Andri. “enak za aku kangen ma traktiranmu tau!!!!!!!!!!!!”, jawabku asal. Ocehan-Ocehan dari Andrilah yang slalu buat aku fun hari ini. Gak tau kenapa dari pagi hingga pulang skolah Agung gak da nyapa aku.

Malemnya aku jadi gak bisa tidur gara-gara dicuekin Agung. Pikiranku terus melayang. Sampe-sampe aku ketiduran di meja belajar. Esoknya badanku pada pegel smua, jadi aku minta tolong ama Asisten pribadiku alias Andri buat jemput aku. Paginya Andri malah ngejekin aku trus lagi. Dasar Tiang Bendera yang satu ini emang selain hobi makan kerjaannya cuma jailin cewek-cwek di kelas.

Sesampainya di kelas Aku langsung duduk dekat Agung kebetulan dia sudah lebih dulu sampai. Dengan nada tak enak aku buka pembicaraan pagi itu. “ Hai....gung, kmu lagi sakit ya???” tanyaku sehalus mungkin. “Gak, aku gak papa koq Sa Cuma lagi pengen sendiri aja.”, katanya singkat. Mendengar itu spontan tanganku memegang tangannya dan bertanya,“ Gung, ada masalah??? Kalo ada critain dong ama Sa, sapa tau Sa bisa bantu....”. “ Aku Cuma Pengen sendiri sekarang.” ,jawabnya ketus. Tanpa banyak tanya lagi aku langsung meninggalkannya sendiri. Seharian ini aku jadi gak konsen belajar pikiranku terus berusaha untuk mencari tau apakah aku buat kesalahan hingga Agung gak mau ngomong ma aku lagi. Sepulang Sekolah Aku berniat bicara dengannya,tapi dia sudah pergi ninggalin aku pulang duluan. Merasa dicuekin lalu aku menangis kenceng-kenceng di mejaku. Lalu Andri Memelukku dan bertanya,”Km knapa Sa??? Da masalah ya ma Agung??”. Dengan nada senggak aku menjawab,”Iya. Dia dari kemaren ngacangin aku, kayaknya dia marah ma aku tapi aku gak tau aku salah apa.Hikssss.......Hiks......”. ”Mungkin dia punya masalah dirumah Sa, Kmu jangan nangis aja dong. Samperin aja dia kerumahnya. Mau aku temenin???”,katanya menenangkanku. “Gak usa Ndri, Mungkin aku kesana sendirian aja.”, jawabku.

Sorenya Aku lalu siap-siap akan pergi ke rumah Agung, tapi waktu mau berangkat tiba-tiba Agung nongol di depan pintu kamar Kosku dan memelukku erat banget. Aku biarkan dia memelukku. Tapi tak terasa ada air mata yang mengalir di pipinya. Agung menangis, tak tega melihatnya lalu aku memeluknya semakin erat. Ku biarkan dia ada dalam pelukanku selama beberapa saat. Setelah beberapa saat dia lalu mulai menceritakan masalah yang slama ini membuatnya terganggu.

“ Sa, maafin aku ya...??, aku gak maksud nyakitin kamu aku khilaf,Sa.”, katanya sambil menangis. “Emang gung ada salah apa ma aku???”, tanyaku bingung. Lalu dia menatap mataku dalam-dalam dan menarik nafas panjang, aku belum bisa mengerti masalah apa yang ia hadapi.

Setelah beberapa saat terdiam lalu ia mulai pembicaraan yang menyakitkan........

cont'

mohon ditunggu untuk part2

BULAN KASIH SAYANG

2009-02-18T07:40:00.000-08:00

Welcome to february 2009!
Bulan tersingkat n terindah dalam satu tahun.

Bulan Februari identik dengan nama bulan kasih sayang..
buat ak bulan ini bener2 bulan penuh kenangan..hehe

banyak momen indah dibulan ini dari valentine day ampe peringatan hari jadiq.hehe

tapi disisi lain bulan ini juga penuh perjuangan coz udah mulai padat kuliahnya..
tugas sudah menumpuk didepan mata.so harus semangat...

sejarah hari valentine

2009-02-17T06:37:00.000-08:00

Asal mula hari Valentine tercipta pada jaman kerajaan Romawi. Menurut adat Romawi, 14 Februari adalah hari untuk menghormati Juno. Ia adalah ratu para dewa dewi Romawi. Rakyat Romawi juga menyebutnya sebagai dewi pernikahan. Di hari berikutnya, 15 Februari dimulailah perayaan ‘Feast of Lupercalia.’

Pada masa itu, kehidupan belum seperti sekarang ini, para gadis dilarang berhubungan dengan para pria. Pada malam menjelang festival Lupercalia berlangsung, nama-nama para gadis ditulis di selembar kertas dan kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam gelas kaca. Nantinya para pria harus mengambil satu kertas yang berisikan nama seorang gadis yang akan menjadi teman kencannya di festival itu.

Tak jarang pasangan ini akhirnya saling jatuh cinta satu sama lain, berpacaran selama beberapa tahun sebelum akhirnya menikah. Dibawah pemerintahan Kaisar Claudius II, Romawi terlibat dalam peperangan. Claudius yang dijuluki si kaisar kejam kesulitan merekrut pemuda untuk memperkuat armada perangnya.

Ia yakin bahwa para pria Romawi enggan masuk tentara karena berat meninggalkan keluarga dan kekasihnya. Akhirnya ia memerintahkan untuk membatalkan semua pernikahan dan pertunangan di Romawi. Saint Valentine yang saat itu menjadi pendeta terkenal di Romawi menolak perintah ini.

Ia bersama Saint Marius secara sembunyi-sembunyi menikahkan para pasangan yang sedang jatuh cinta. Namun aksi mereka diketahui sang kaisar yang segera memerintahkan pengawalnya untuk menyeret dan memenggal pendeta baik hati tersebut.

Ia meninggal tepat pada hari keempat belas di bulan Februari pada tahun 270 Masehi. Saat itu rakyat Romawi telah mengenal Februari sebagai festival Lupercalia, tradisi untuk memuja para dewa. Dalam tradisi ini para pria diperbolehkan memilih gadis untuk pasangan sehari.

Dan karena Lupercalia mulai pada pertengahan bulan Februari, para pastor memilih nama Hari Santo Valentinus untuk menggantikan nama perayaan itu. Sejak itu mulailah para pria memilih gadis yang diinginkannya bertepatan pada hari Valentine.